To protect the people from disease intravenous and other injections are done by disposable syringe. This is needed to protect against deadly diseases of people in remote areas where there is a lack of refrigeration or availability of disposable syringes for traditional vaccines. Australian scientists at the University of Queensland have developed a painless, needle-free vaccine called "nanopatch" which is a unique applications of nanotechnology in medicine. It will still pierce the skin. The centimetre-square silicon device has thousands of ultra-sharp microscopic spikes coated with dried vaccine. When applied lightly, it would cause no pain because it penetrates less than a hair's thickness below the surface. Conventional hypodermic injections inject most of the vaccine too deep to activate the disease-fighters and make the vaccine less effective while the tiny spikes of nanopatch deliver vaccine close to the place where immune cells known as dendritic cells are found.