Bioprocessing is the making of desired compound or material using natural biological processes from a defined feedstock. Nanobioprocessing focuses on and utilizes nanoscale technology to achieve the goal of bioprocessing with greater efficiency. The use of molecular probes or the development of devices that allow rapid identification of microbes present in a feedstock are examples of research at the nanoscale that can increase the efficiency of bioprocessing. Other applications are the combination of nanoscale devices with catalytic domains to achieve in-vitro catalysis. The product itself may be bulk or nanomaterial. New tools for molecular and cellular biology have been specifically designed for separation, identification and quantification of individual molecules. This is possible with nanotechnology and could permit broad advances in science and technology for the conversion of agricultural and food wastes to energy and other useful by-products through enzymatic nanobioprocessing, disease prevention and treatment in plants and animals.