ZnO Nanoparticles by Sol-Gel Synthesis
Nickel (up to 5 at%) containing ZnO diluted magnetic semiconductors was synthesized by sol-gel process using zinc acetate dihydrate, nickel acetate tetrahydrate and oxalic acid as precursors and ethanol as solvent. The process comprises of gel formation, digestion at 80 °C for 24 h to obtain oxalate and calcination at 400°C or above for 2 h for decomposition to oxide. The resulting powders correspond to wurtzite hexagonal structure similar to that of pure ZnO and contain nanoparticles of average diameter and exhibit ferromagnetic nature at room temperature.
Tungsten-Based Nanomaterials by Sol-Gel Synthesis

The HCl-enriched phases of 1-hexanol were extracted as supernatant after phase separation. The resulting HCl / 1-hexanol solutions were used in the precipitation of tungsten oxide sol-gel nanomaterials via acid hydrolysis in a two-phase, semi-batch reactor system where droplets of sodium tungstate (Na2WO4 2H2O) solution were added.and finally bright yellow spherical droplets were obtained. Thus ordered nanoparticles were produced.