These include lithography, vacuum deposition processes such as physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and spray coatings. These processes are more geared to the production of nanostructured layers and coatings, but can be used to fabricate nanoparticles by scraping the deposits from the collector. However, they tend to be quite inefficient and are generally not used for the fabrication of dry powders, although some companies are beginning to exploit these processes