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Addition of nano particles improves the bulk properties of materials by controlling or manipulating at the atomic scale due to nanoscale attack by alkali silicate reaction. It is possible to obtain thinner final products and faster setting time besides lower levels of environmental contamination. \u003Cbr \/\u003ENano concrete is a concrete made with Portland cement particles that are less than 500nm as a cementing agent as against normally used cement particle which range in size from a few nano-meters to a maximum of about100 micro meters. The benefits are cessation of contamination caused by micro silica solid particles, lower cost per building site, high initial and final compressive and tensile strengths, good workability, cessation of super plasticizing utilization and cessation of silicosis risk of concrete.\u003Cbr \/\u003ENanomaterials used are nano-silica (nano-SiO2), nano-titanium oxide (nano-TiO2), nano-iron (nano-Fe2O3), nano-alumina (nano-Al2O3), nanoclay particles, and nanotubes\/nanofibers (CNTs\/CNFs) of nano-SiO2. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003ENanosilica \u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003ENanosilica is the first nano product that replaced the micro silica and is superior to silica used in conventional concrete. It makes high compressive strengths concretes (15 MPa and 75 MPa at 1 day; 40 MPa and 90 MPa at 28 days and 48 MPa and 120 MPa at 120 days). The advantages are high workability with reduced water\/cement ratio with no need of super plasticizing additives. It fills up all the micro pores and micro spaces and saves cement up to 35-45%. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003ETitanium oxide\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003ETitanium dioxide is a widely used white pigment. It can oxidize oxygen or organic materials, and so added to paints, cements, windows, tiles, or other products for sterilizing, deodorizing and to give anti-fouling properties. When added to outdoor building materials, it can substantially reduce concentrations of airborne pollutants. When exposed to UV light, it becomes increasingly hydrophilic, and can be used for anti-fogging coatings or self cleaning glass panes.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003EPolycarboxylates\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EPolycarboxylates or polymer based concrete admixtures are high range water reducing admixture. Higher dosage-produces self compacting concrete and this admixture type is very suitable for concrete used in constructions made underwater. They produce high resistance even with low addition up to 1.5 % of the cement weight and gives self compacting characteristics. Resistance to compression is from 40 to 90MPa in 1 day and from 70 to 100 MPa or more in 28 days. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003ECarbon nanotubes \u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003ECNT are highly flexible, mechanically stronger, have stiffest and strongest fibers of cylinders with nanometer diameter, several millimeters in length, 5 times the Young’s modulus and 8 times (theoretically 100 times) the strength of steel whilst being 1\/6th the density and\u0026nbsp; very high thermal conductivity along the axis.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/nanoall.blogspot.com\/feeds\/8830868082468605136\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/nanoall.blogspot.com\/2015\/04\/smart-concrete-using-nano-particles_30.html#comment-form","title":"1 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/824276128035327017\/posts\/default\/8830868082468605136"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/824276128035327017\/posts\/default\/8830868082468605136"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/nanoall.blogspot.com\/2015\/04\/smart-concrete-using-nano-particles_30.html","title":"Smart concrete using nano particles"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"nano"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/10324099229546402335"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"32","height":"24","src":"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-6DDMcvlldt0\/UrW-k9X3yOI\/AAAAAAAACKE\/OLy_mvUusBU\/s220\/Recovered_JPEG%2BDigital%2BCamera_564.jpg"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"http:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-7OafrHbSlc4\/VUJwIyWvgaI\/AAAAAAAACko\/Ta2ii0D_GM0\/s72-c\/concrete.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"},"thr$total":{"$t":"1"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-824276128035327017.post-1776018476559404522"},"published":{"$t":"2015-04-30T10:44:00.000-07:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2015-04-30T10:44:00.682-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"materials"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Semiconductor nanoparticles "},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-B5URZ0R9dGk\/VUJpzY2M_gI\/AAAAAAAACkE\/htSVc3fjluk\/s1600\/Semiconductor%2Bnanoparticles.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-B5URZ0R9dGk\/VUJpzY2M_gI\/AAAAAAAACkE\/htSVc3fjluk\/s1600\/Semiconductor%2Bnanoparticles.jpg\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EA nanoparticle (or nanopowder or nanocluster or nanocrystal) is a microscopic particle with at least one dimension less than 100 nm. Nanoparticles are of great scientific interest as they are effectively a bridge between bulk materials and atomic or molecular structures. Nanoparticles exhibit a number of special properties relative to bulk material.Nanoparticles of many other materials, including metals, metal oxides; carbides, borides, nitrides, silicon, and other elemental semiconductors are available.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003EMechanism \u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003ETheir unique physical properties are due to atoms residing on the surface. The excitation of an electron from the valance band to the conduction band creates an electron hole pair. Recombination can happen two ways as radiative and non-radiative leading to radiative recombination to photon and non-radiative recombination to phonon (lattice vibrations).\u003Cbr \/\u003EAlso the band gap gradually becomes larger because of quantum confinement effects giving rise to discrete energy levels, rather than a continuous band as in the corresponding bulk material. Further, problem of particle agglomeration is overcome by passivating (capping) the “bare” surface atoms with protecting groups for providing electronic stabilization to the surface. The capping agent usually takes the form of a Lewis base compound covalently bound to surface metal atoms. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003ESynthesis of Nanoparticles\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThere are various methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles and synthesis technique is a function of the material, desired size, quantity and quality of dispersion.\u003Cbr \/\u003ESynthèses techniques are\u0026nbsp; Vapor phase (molecular beams, flame synthesis etc) and solution phase synthesis (Aqueous Solution and Nonaqueous Solution). Semiconductor Nanoparticles Synthesis typically occurs by the rapid reduction of organmetallic precursors in hot organics with surfactants.\u003Cbr \/\u003EFew semiconductor nanoparticles are:\u003Cbr \/\u003EII-VI: CdS, CdSe, PbS, ZnS\u003Cbr \/\u003EIII-V: InP, InAs\u003Cbr \/\u003EMO: TiO2, ZnO, Fe2O3, PbO, Y2O3\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003EApplications\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003ENanoparticles often possess unexpected optical properties as they are small enough to confine their electrons and produce quantum effects. For example gold nanoparticles appear deep-red to black in solution. Nanoparticles of yellow gold and grey silicon are red in color. Gold nanoparticles melt at much lower temperatures (~300 °C for 2.5 nm size) than the gold slabs (1064 °C). Absorption of solar radiation is much higher in materials composed of nanoparticles than it is in thin films of continuous sheets of material. In both solar PV and solar thermal applications, controlling the size, shape, and material of the particles, it is possible to control solar absorption. Clay nanoparticles when incorporated into polymer matrices increase reinforcement, leading to stronger plastics, verifiable by a higher glass transition temperature and other mechanical property tests. These nanoparticles are hard, and impart their properties to the polymer (plastic). Nanoparticles have also been attached to textile fibers in order to create smart and functional clothing.\u003Cbr \/\u003EResearchers at University College of London have reported in Science that a suspension of coated titanium dioxide nanoparticles that can be spray-painted or dip coated onto a range of hard and soft surfaces, including paper, cloth, and glass, yield super hydrophobic coatings that resist oil and are self-cleaning in air. The coatings resisted rubbing, scratching, and surface contamination, factors often exacerbated in most self-cleaning technologies.\u003Cbr \/\u003EThey further report that nanoparticle additives indicate a major opportunity to improve the energy efficiency of large industrial, commercial, and institutional cooling systems known as chillers.\u003Cbr \/\u003ESilver nanoparticles have unique optical, electrical, and thermal properties and are being incorporated into products that range from photovoltaics to biological and chemical sensors. Examples include conductive inks, pastes and fillers which utilize silver nanoparticles for their high electrical conductivity, stability, and low sintering temperatures. Additional applications include molecular diagnostics and photonic devices, which take advantage of the novel optical properties of these nanomaterials. An increasingly common application is the use of silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial coatings, and many textiles, keyboards, wound dressings, and biomedical devices now contain silver nanoparticles that continuously release a low level of silver ions to provide protection against bacteria.( See more at: http:\/\/www.sigmaaldrich.com\/materials-science\/nanomaterials\/silver-nanoparticles.html#sthash.WGzJEuKE.dpuf)\u003Cbr \/\u003EColloidal gold nanoparticles have been utilized for centuries by artists due to the vibrant colors produced by their interaction with visible light. More recently, these unique optical-electronics properties have been researched and utilized in high technology applications such as organic photovoltaics, sensory probes, therapeutic agents, drug delivery in biological and medical applications, electronic conductors and catalysis.( See more at: http:\/\/www.sigmaaldrich.com\/materials-science\/nanomaterials\/gold-nanoparticles.html#sthash.8pgtk6eI.dpuf)\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003EQ-dots\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003ESemiconductor nanoparticles also known as Q-dots are generally particles of material with diameters in the range of 1 to 20 nm. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003EProperties of Q - dots \u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EQuantum Dots have high quantum yield of often 20 times brighter, possess a narrower and more symmetric emission spectra, 100-1000 times more stable to photo bleaching, possess high resistance to photo-\/chemical degradation and have tunable wave length range of 400-4000 nm.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003ECapping Quantum Dots\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EDue to the extremely high surface area of a nanoparticle there is a high quantity of “dangling bonds” and by adding a capping agent consisting of a higher band gap energy semiconductor (or smaller) can eliminate dangling bonds and drastically increase quantum yield. With the addition of CdS\/ZnS the quantum yield can be increased from ~5% to 55% \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003EApplications\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EDue to their unique physical properties there are many potential applications in the areas such as nonlinear optics, luminescence, electronics, catalysis, solar energy conversion, and optoelectronics.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/nanoall.blogspot.com\/feeds\/1776018476559404522\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/nanoall.blogspot.com\/2015\/04\/semiconductor-nanoparticles_30.html#comment-form","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/824276128035327017\/posts\/default\/1776018476559404522"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/824276128035327017\/posts\/default\/1776018476559404522"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/nanoall.blogspot.com\/2015\/04\/semiconductor-nanoparticles_30.html","title":"Semiconductor nanoparticles "}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"nano"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/10324099229546402335"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"32","height":"24","src":"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-6DDMcvlldt0\/UrW-k9X3yOI\/AAAAAAAACKE\/OLy_mvUusBU\/s220\/Recovered_JPEG%2BDigital%2BCamera_564.jpg"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"http:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-B5URZ0R9dGk\/VUJpzY2M_gI\/AAAAAAAACkE\/htSVc3fjluk\/s72-c\/Semiconductor%2Bnanoparticles.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"},"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-824276128035327017.post-3498113856349504910"},"published":{"$t":"2013-12-08T09:01:00.001-08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2013-12-08T09:02:00.361-08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"materials"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Graphene in loudspeakers and earphones "},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"200\" src=\"http:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-HCBDws0Qn4o\/UqSlgTqDjkI\/AAAAAAAACGM\/g9vbOpX9UXI\/s200\/speaker.jpg\" width=\"198\" \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003ELoudspeakers and earphones are used with portable devices such as smart phones, laptops, notebooks and tablets. Inside a speaker a flexible material such as paper or plastic forming a thin diaphragm vibrates and amplifies these vibrations, pumping sound waves into the surrounding air and towards the ears producing different sounds depending on their frequency. \u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003ESound device\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe quality of a loudspeaker depends on how flat its frequency response is – that is, on the ability of the design to deliver a constant sound pressure level from 20 Hz to 20 kHz in the audible range. Presently they employ conventional type of speakers which have limitations in their operation in respect of size, frequency response and power consumption. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003EGraphene loudspeaker\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EResearchers at the University of California at Berkeley have made a graphene loudspeaker that, while of no specific design, is already as good as, or even better than, certain commercial speakers and earphones.\u003Cbr \/\u003Egraphene loudspeaker have ultralow mass, has a fairly flat frequency response in the human audible region and very strong so that it can be used to make very large, extremely thin film membranes that efficiently generate sound. This also means that the speaker does not need to be artificially damped (unlike commercial devices) to prevent unwanted frequency responses, but is simply damped by surrounding air. Such device can operate at just a few nano-amps and so uses much less power than conventional speakers. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003EWorking\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe researchers claim that they made loudspeaker from a 30 nm thick, 7 mm wide sheet of graphene grown by chemical vapour deposition process. The diaphragm is sandwiched between two actuating perforated silicon electrodes coated with silicon dioxide to prevent the graphene from accidentally shorting to the electrodes at very large drive amplitudes. When power is applied to the electrodes, an electrostatic force is created that makes the graphene sheet vibrate, creating sound. By changing the level of power applied, different sounds can be produced. These sounds can easily be heard by the human ear and also have high fidelity. \u003Cbr \/\u003EThe Berkeley researchers claim that the technique adopted for fabricating the speaker is very straightforward and could easily be scaled up to produce even larger area diaphragms and thus bigger speakers. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/nanoall.blogspot.com\/feeds\/3498113856349504910\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/nanoall.blogspot.com\/2013\/12\/graphene-in-loudspeakers-and-earphones.html#comment-form","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/824276128035327017\/posts\/default\/3498113856349504910"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/824276128035327017\/posts\/default\/3498113856349504910"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/nanoall.blogspot.com\/2013\/12\/graphene-in-loudspeakers-and-earphones.html","title":"Graphene in loudspeakers and earphones "}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"nano"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/10324099229546402335"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"32","height":"24","src":"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-6DDMcvlldt0\/UrW-k9X3yOI\/AAAAAAAACKE\/OLy_mvUusBU\/s220\/Recovered_JPEG%2BDigital%2BCamera_564.jpg"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"http:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-HCBDws0Qn4o\/UqSlgTqDjkI\/AAAAAAAACGM\/g9vbOpX9UXI\/s72-c\/speaker.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"},"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-824276128035327017.post-3273445841121712476"},"published":{"$t":"2013-12-08T08:57:00.000-08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2013-12-08T08:57:57.914-08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"materials"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":" Nano gold cluster is a marvellous catalyst"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-sExptGyYd88\/UqSkg0NvjEI\/AAAAAAAACGA\/2rrlaRAmNIo\/s1600\/gold+cluster.jpg\" \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003ENanosized gold clusters\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003ENanosized gold clusters is known to catalyze various oxidations, esterifications, and epoxidations. But the basis of the precious metal’s reactivity was not very clear to the scientists. However carbon monoxide oxidation catalyst by gold is well known. In the case of CO oxidation a computational study has found that CO can surprisingly provide a cocatalytic assist to gold nanoclusters during oxidation reactions. The presence of neighboring CO molecules on gold nanoclusters enhances dioxygen oxidation of CO to carbon dioxide.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003EMechanism\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThis self-oxidation mechanism has now been uncovered by researchers of University of Nebraska and\u0026nbsp; Xiangtan University of in China. The findings reveals that when CO is bound to certain triangular Au3 active sites on gold nanoclusters in the presence of O2, the CO molecule helps facilitate bond scission in an adjacent OCOO intermediate. The analysis shows that an attack on the intermediate by the Au3-bound CO neighbor would significantly accelerate the rate of O–O bond breaking, resulting in formation of two CO2 molecules.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/nanoall.blogspot.com\/feeds\/3273445841121712476\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/nanoall.blogspot.com\/2013\/12\/nano-gold-cluster-is-marvellous-catalyst.html#comment-form","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/824276128035327017\/posts\/default\/3273445841121712476"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/824276128035327017\/posts\/default\/3273445841121712476"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/nanoall.blogspot.com\/2013\/12\/nano-gold-cluster-is-marvellous-catalyst.html","title":" Nano gold cluster is a marvellous catalyst"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"nano"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/10324099229546402335"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"32","height":"24","src":"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-6DDMcvlldt0\/UrW-k9X3yOI\/AAAAAAAACKE\/OLy_mvUusBU\/s220\/Recovered_JPEG%2BDigital%2BCamera_564.jpg"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"http:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-sExptGyYd88\/UqSkg0NvjEI\/AAAAAAAACGA\/2rrlaRAmNIo\/s72-c\/gold+cluster.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"},"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-824276128035327017.post-1885533340639687673"},"published":{"$t":"2013-09-03T10:50:00.001-07:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2013-09-03T10:50:09.329-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"materials"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Nanocellulose from blue-green algae"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-CZ9CJUcuCHg\/UiYhQ9hFy8I\/AAAAAAAACDA\/UHgLmrIdwjE\/s1600\/blue+green+algae.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-CZ9CJUcuCHg\/UiYhQ9hFy8I\/AAAAAAAACDA\/UHgLmrIdwjE\/s1600\/blue+green+algae.jpg\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003ENanocellulose from blue-green algae\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EResearchers have reported on producing nanocellulose using the algae.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003ECellulose \u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003ECellulose is an organic compound mainly a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β (1→4) linked D-glucose units and is an important structural component of the primary cell wall of green plants, many forms of algae oomycetes and secreted by some species of bacteria as bio films. Cellulose is the most abundant organic polymer on Earth, a material, like plastics, consisting of molecules linked together into long chains. Cellulose makes up tree trunks and branches, corn stalks and cotton fibers, the main component of paper and cardboard and the indigestible material in fruits and vegetables. For example the cellulose content of cotton fiber is 90%, that of wood is 40–50% and that of dried hemp is approximately 45%. Few living organisms can synthesize and secrete cellulose in its native nanostructure form of micro fibrils. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003ENano cellulose \u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003ENanocellulose, or micro fibrillated cellulose (MFC) consists of nanosized cellulose fibrils having a high aspect ratio with typical lateral dimensions of 5–20 nanometers and longitudinal dimension is in a wide range from 10s of nanometers to several microns. \u003Cbr \/\u003ENanocellulose can also be obtained from native fibers by an acid hydrolysis, giving rise to highly crystalline and rigid nanoparticles called nanowhiskers. It is very hydrophilic, pseudo-plastic in nature exhibiting the property of gels or fluids that are viscous under normal conditions, but become less viscous over time when agitated or stressed. \u003Cbr \/\u003EUsing vinegar-making bacteria, a sort of moist skin, swollen, gelatinous and slippery material known as bacterial nanocellulose has been made. Nanocellulose made by bacteria has advantages, including ease of production and high purity \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003EMaking nano cellulose \u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EEarlier researchers sequenced the first nanocellulose genes from A. xylinum. They observed the genes involved in polymerizing nanocellulose and in crystallizing. Recently researchers of University of Texas at Austin reported that several kinds of blue - green algae, which are mainly photosynthetic bacteria or cyanobacteria, can produce nanocellulose. One of the largest problems with cyanobacterial nanocellulose is that it is not made in abundant amounts in nature, but it could be scaled up.\u003Cbr \/\u003ECyanobacteria make their own nutrients from sunlight and water, and remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere while producing nanocellulose. Cyanobacteria also have the potential to release nanocellulose into their surroundings. Researchers have genetically engineered the cyanobacteria to produce one form of nanocellulose, the long-chain, or polymer, form of the material and synthesize a more complete form of nanocellulose, one that is a polymer with a crystalline architecture. \u003Cbr \/\u003EResearchers believe that major barriers to commercializing nanocellulose fuels involve issues not connected with science. It can become the raw material for sustainable production of bio fuels and many other products.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/nanoall.blogspot.com\/feeds\/1885533340639687673\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/nanoall.blogspot.com\/2013\/09\/nanocellulose-from-blue-green-algae_3.html#comment-form","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/824276128035327017\/posts\/default\/1885533340639687673"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/824276128035327017\/posts\/default\/1885533340639687673"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/nanoall.blogspot.com\/2013\/09\/nanocellulose-from-blue-green-algae_3.html","title":"Nanocellulose from blue-green algae"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"nano"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/10324099229546402335"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"32","height":"24","src":"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-6DDMcvlldt0\/UrW-k9X3yOI\/AAAAAAAACKE\/OLy_mvUusBU\/s220\/Recovered_JPEG%2BDigital%2BCamera_564.jpg"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"http:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-CZ9CJUcuCHg\/UiYhQ9hFy8I\/AAAAAAAACDA\/UHgLmrIdwjE\/s72-c\/blue+green+algae.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"},"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-824276128035327017.post-2323841153840480975"},"published":{"$t":"2013-05-10T04:20:00.001-07:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2013-05-10T04:20:13.221-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"materials"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Tin Nanocrystals for future battery "},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-QRnPlbqu7BA\/UYzXX38ojbI\/AAAAAAAAB1s\/xx7e4daSRuI\/s1600\/nanobattery.jpg\" \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003ELi-Ion Rechargeable Batteries\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003ELi-Ion (Lithium-Ion) batteries are the most common rechargeable batteries in portable electronics. Lithium ion batteries have one of the best energy densities, no memory effect,\u0026nbsp; slow loss of charge when not in use and environmentally safe because there is no free lithium metal, in comparison with other types of rechargeable batteries. Rechargeable lithium ion batteries are the preferred compact light weight storage media of choice to store a large amount of energy in a small space. They provide power for electric cars, electric bicycles, smart phones and laptops. Globally researchers are currently in the process of developing new generation of such batteries with an improved performance. In most lithium ion batteries these days, the plus pole is composed of the transition metal oxides cobalt, nickel, and manganese, the minus pole of graphite. In more powerful lithium ion batteries of the next generation, however, elements such as tin or silicon may well be used at the minus pole.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003ENanomaterial based lithium ion batteries\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EResearchers from the Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry at ETH Zurich and Empa have now developed a nanomaterial based lithium ion batteries. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003EStructure\u003C\/b\u003E \u003Cbr \/\u003EThe nanomaterial has tiny tin crystals as the battery anode. During charging lithium ions get absorbed at this electrode and released again while discharging. With more lithium ions the electrodes can absorb and release and hence more energy can be stored in the battery. Here each tin atom can absorb at least four lithium ions, but change in volume. In the tin electrodes tin crystals become up to three times bigger by absorbing a lot of lithium ions and shrinks again when it releases them back which is a challenge to the researchers. If the electrode were made of a compact tin block, this would practically be impossible. To overcome this drawback researchers use nanotechnology to produce the tiniest and uniform tin nanocrystals and embed a large number of them in a porous, conductive permeable carbon matrix. \u003Cbr \/\u003EDuring the development of the nanomaterial with ideal size and uniformity the researchers follow two steps during formation of small crystal nucleus and its subsequent growth by influencing the time and temperature of the growth phase. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003EFuture development\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EWith the choice of the best possible carbon matrix and binding agent for the electrodes, and an ideal microscopic structure for electrodes along with an optimal and stable electrolyte liquid in which the lithium ions can travel back and forth between the two poles the researcher believe that cost-effective base materials suitable for electrode production with increased energy storage capacity and lifespan can be produced.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/nanoall.blogspot.com\/feeds\/2323841153840480975\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/nanoall.blogspot.com\/2013\/05\/tin-nanocrystals-for-future-battery.html#comment-form","title":"1 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/824276128035327017\/posts\/default\/2323841153840480975"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/824276128035327017\/posts\/default\/2323841153840480975"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/nanoall.blogspot.com\/2013\/05\/tin-nanocrystals-for-future-battery.html","title":"Tin Nanocrystals for future battery "}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"nano"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/10324099229546402335"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"32","height":"24","src":"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-6DDMcvlldt0\/UrW-k9X3yOI\/AAAAAAAACKE\/OLy_mvUusBU\/s220\/Recovered_JPEG%2BDigital%2BCamera_564.jpg"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-QRnPlbqu7BA\/UYzXX38ojbI\/AAAAAAAAB1s\/xx7e4daSRuI\/s72-c\/nanobattery.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"},"thr$total":{"$t":"1"}}]}});